Roatan Insights © June 2002
News from the Honduras Bay Islands and North Coast
June 2002
By Pierre Renaldo, The Coastwatcher©

I am going to use an excerpt here, from my book,

“How to Avoid the Pitfalls: Building Your Dream Home”
now available in print. Click: www.1stbooks.com/bookview/8418

You can also purchase it in e-book format by contacting me direct at: elouis@globalnet.hn or through www.roatanet.com

(When ordering any e-books you must indicate which books you want and I will need your e-mail address to transmit them to you. I am currently holding two check from people who did not tell me what books they wanted or what their e-mail address is.)

It is basic and deals with the fundamentals of construction and selecting the right property for your dream home. The rules apply to land purchases anywhere.

“Caveat Emptor”, let the buyer beware!
There are many safeguards in place for you when purchasing land in the U.S. However, Caribbean islands, like Roatan, Honduras, have no consumer protection, and do not bother to enforce laws to protect the unwary from the unscrupulous. If you step in it here, tough bananas!

What the book is about.
After forty-five years in the front lines of the construction and real estate industries, I thought it would be a good idea to share some very intimate secrets with people who are about to embark on one of the most exciting experiences of a lifetime; building your dream home.

Perhaps it is a retirement gift to yourself, after many years of hard work, maybe a vacation retreat. Possibly that first giant step toward building the wonderful place for family, where your kids will grow up and/or your children and grand children will come to visit, years hence.

I thought that if I shared these ideas, I could enlighten people, help them with an overview of the entire construction process, in simple detail, without a lot of technical jargon. Just an easy to read handbook, an outline that people could follow. Something useful, like a guidebook you buy to explore vacation ideas. Why not make it easy for anybody to understand, even if they didn’t know anything about construction?

Many people are confused and discouraged by technicalities when they pick up a book that is supposed to enlighten, only to be left in complete dismay at their lack of understanding about a subject for which they crave more knowledge.

Construction of anything is a very complex undertaking, and a very technical subject. So some books written to instruct people on the finer points of construction tend to be nearly mysterious to those with little or no experience. Don’t be intimidated! This book will explain the “nitty gritty” you need to know in simplistic terms that will enlighten.

There is no doubt in my mind, that you are driven to seek knowledge which will enable you to avoid experiencing the kind of horror stories you have heard. By the time you make the decision to go ahead with a construction project, you have likely been deluged with advice from friends and relatives who have taken the plunge and who kindly wish to share their disastrous experiences with anybody they can get to listen.

So then of course, it is off to the library or bookstore for you, to find just the right treatise that will instruct you in the fine arts of hand-to-hand construction combat, or guide you safely and happily through the mine fields of the actual building process. If you read enough and talk to enough people, you will know what to do, and what to expect, right? After all, knowledge is power!

It has been my experience with my clientele, that building can be fun and enjoyable if:

1.) You are well informed;
2.) You go about it with an open mind and;
3.) You have a good positive attitude.

Having the right people to work with will help and I hope to assist you in finding them.

This book was written to guide you through the entire process and be happy with the end results. Not only with the product, but also the people you have been dealing with over a period of several months. In other words, your story will have a ‘happy ending’.

I doubt if this book is a first, but it is intended to be a simplified guidance system to lead you around usually unforeseen and oftentimes ‘avoidable problems’ and to introduce you to methods of coping with those nasty necessities you must take head on.

Who This Book Is For:
This book is for people who would like to build their dream house without getting old before their time. People who would like to avoid falling into the traps or ‘pits’ that seem to be the norm. But you don’t have to fall into a ‘pit’ just because someone you know dug himself or herself into one.

I will refer to these pitfalls (avoidable misunderstandings), as ‘pits’ throughout this book. If you are armed with the knowledge of what to expect in advance, then you will not be shocked to learn of some surprises (often in the form of unforeseen expense) that await you. Instead, you will be one of the anointed who can boast of a truly enjoyable adventure in building.

So many single women have related to me, the difficulties they have had to endure attempting to go it alone, that I would include them as a special category. Other people with little or no experience in building, singles and married alike, and those who would like a different slant on the home building subject, even though they have done it all before. If this book can keep you out of one ‘pit’, then it has been a worthwhile effort for me.

What This Book Is Not:
This is not just another “How To” book. You will not find instructions for building a fireplace or creating a basement recreation room in these pages.
There is not one single hint about hanging an overhead garage door, or how to install ceramic tile in a shower. It is not a technical journal, nor anything remotely resembling a textbook.

If you are looking for that kind of information, it is available at a nearby library or in booklet form at a local building supply company.

The following process can be applied to land purchases anywhere. However, in foreign countries a good deal of additional research should be utilized and the assistance of a knowledgeable legal representative active in the locale`, should be employed to make sure you do not get burned.

Never hand over any money until the current ownership is proven and you know with absolute certainty that that person is the one from whom you will purchase. Then make sure the title is good.

**Remember, this outline relates to property purchase/construction anywhere and some of the paragraphs will not apply to conditions in a third world country.

Selecting the Site:
One of the most important decisions you will make when planning a home building project anywhere, is where you are going to build it. Often, this is a lengthy search, especially if you have a mental image of what you expect to find and nothing even comes close to matching your dream building site.

I’m sure you have heard the first rules of buying property. There are three very important things that should take priority in you decision making. Location! Location! Location! Let me expand on that briefly.

Good Location:
This is a relative term, because good location can mean so many different things to different people. Your real estate agent is trying to convince you that the building lot she/he has listed is just the thing. The ‘best school in town’ is just two blocks away, there is shopping within a quarter of a mile and the bus stop is only a few steps from ‘your front door’. Now that might sound ideal for some people but it could be pure rubbish for you.

Each of us has our own idea of what good location means, and sometimes we are willing to sacrifice convenience for enchantment. The location described in the foregoing paragraph might be perfect for those who are slaves to accessibility. People who want everything at their fingertips. But you prefer the serenity of the suburbs, even more so the countryside. And when you find that perfect spot, then your location requirements have been fulfilled.

Let me assure you friends, there are multitudes of great locations if you know what to look for. I will make a few suggestions that may give you new insights into selection of your ideal building site. Then I will give you some real life examples of what I think constitutes good location.

Here are some factors for you to bear in mind and to add into your equation when you are out there looking for your perfect spot.

Site Access:
Will this site give you access during and after the construction process?

Will it be easy to get in and out during inclement weather ?

Are there any special permits required for driveways, or curb cuts?

Will you need a culvert installed in a drainage ditch to gain access to the property, and if so how large?

Lot Size:
Is the property large enough to accommodate the size house you intend to build after the setbacks are taken into consideration?

Zoning and Restrictive Covenants:
Will setbacks and height restrictions have a negative effect on your ideas?

Are there any architectural restrictions that are not compatible with your intentions, that have been imposed by the municipality or the original land
developer?

How about deed restrictions?

Here’s a ‘pit’ you could easily fall into. Deed restrictions are not always a known factor and do not have a specific time limitation. A former owner could have restricted the use of the land to not more than one story of construction above grade a half century ago. And if you want to build a two story house you are in for some difficulties, economic, legal or both, when some sharp researcher finds something that has been overlooked by less astute investigations into the title for the property. Deed restrictions can run in perpetuity. Virtually forever!

Utilities and Infrastructure:
What public utilities are in existence at the property now?

Are there special taxes or fees for sewer and water tap-ins?

Are there special assessments for school or highway construction?

What is the cost of a water meter in this municipality?

Will you need a well or septic system?

Will public sidewalks be required across the front of the property at your expense?

Are there any public utility or electric company easements on any part of the property? If so, will they in any way interfere with your idea?

You will also want to investigate taxes, availability of services such as trash pick-up, newspaper and mail delivery.

*Warning!
Whenever somebody who is trying to sell you property, tells you that such and such a utility is “close by”, you had better check it out. 500 feet of 4” water line could cost you several thousand dollars to extend to the property. There could also be collateral expenses involved and considerable delay of your project.

Site Conditions:
You usually cannot tell if there are natural problems inherent to the property. For instance, how would you know if there was rock or muck three feet down? Unless there was outward evidence of rock outcropping, or marsh-like conditions apparent on the surface, you cannot tell just by looking.

Let’s say the land you are looking at was filled a long time ago. There was a depressed swampy area right in the middle of it, the perfect spot to place a house. So a previous owner thought it would enhance the site to fill in this depression. Not deeply filled but just a foot or two, enough to obscure some unsightly features. The fill made the land nice and level and covered up what some former owner thought was a deterrent to salability.

There are some types of vegetation that will give you a clue. Other telltale signs, like evidence that water had been standing in a shallow depression in the middle of the land. You can see the outline of the dark rings left as the water receded into the ground. Color change and stunted growth of vegetation are also telltale signs.

Well, what have we here? Mulberry bushes growing around this depressed area. Mulberry bushes love marshy places. So do reed type growths, such as cat tails, bulrushes, succulents and tuberous plants. (CLUE): What caused the land to settle was the organic materials in the marsh being compressed by the weight of the fill and by deterioration of the organic materials themselves.

In order to build on this property now, all the fill and organic materials under it would have to be excavated and removed no matter how deep they go down! Then clean fill dirt would have to be placed into the excavation in 8” lifts (layers) and compacted mechanically to a density equal to 95%, before any constructions could take place there.

(After I promised not to get technical, then I drop this one on you, so let me explain.) Density of 100% means the tightness of the earth molecules, if the earth had never been disturbed by any type of excavation.

What could prospective buyers do if they suspected a problem? I usually go to the building department that has jurisdiction in the area. They have knowledge of local conditions, and can often put you in touch with people who have first hand experience in these communities. I have on many occasions asked for and received permission to do test borings or spot excavations on properties that had great potential, but were suspect.

A very reliable source of information about property you may be interested in is the surveyors who have most recently done work on the property or who are active in that area. They often have first hand knowledge, even sometimes that property has been improperly filled.

Case History:

Deep Pit:
One day while visiting a real estate office I was invited to listen in on a conversation that was one of the most intriguing stories I have ever heard. This was about a muck problem on a woman’s lot.

Carol V. had purchased a building lot in a rural area north of the city. She had hired a builder who obtained the permits and began construction. The footings for the foundation were dug, the reinforcing steel was in place and the builder called the county building department for the required footing inspection.

When the inspector arrived he immediately walked to the rear of the foundation and starred at a small pond toward the rear of the property. He seemed perplexed at what he saw and red tagged (rejection notice) the job, notifying the builder that the footings were dug into an unstable soil condition. The inspector had remembered this little pond as being somewhat larger when he had hunted in this area frequently a few years earlier.

It was determined that the pond had been partially filled in to make the lot saleable. The filled area occupied all the usable land up to the front setback line. The pond had taken up almost the entire lot at one time, and the lot was now worthless as a building site. The county had condemned the construction and the site!

Carol V. sued the people who sold her the property, who knew that the lot was a filled pond, and she lost the law suit! She was stuck with a worthless, un-saleable piece of property.

I met this lady several years after all this took place. I could not believe the court did not rule in her favor. I asked her where the property was and since it was in an area where I built frequently I assured her that I would inspect the condemned building site.

When I arrived, I saw one of the prettiest scenes you can imagine. It was a large deep lot, and the neighboring houses were setback a great distance from the road. A delightful pond occupied almost the rear third of the property, with a thicket of trees in the background. It was a picture perfect place to build a home.

I called Carol that evening with an idea that occurred to me. Would she invest $350. for some test borings and an opinion from my structural engineer? I explained what I had in mind. She agreed. If there was any hope of using the lot she was interested, so long as the cost was not beyond her means.

The test results revealed that the organic matter that was once the bottom of the pond and the fill that was dumped over it, went to a depth of 22 feet. Below that level there existed very stable soil conditions. My structural engineer confirmed that we could drive pilings 35 feet down, well into the stable soils. The pilings would easily support the weight of a large house.

Carol was elated. Plans and supporting data were submitted to the county. In a few weeks we had the required permits, and proceeded to build a beautiful Victorian house over the old condemned building site!

After living in the house for several years Carol married and moved away from the area. She sold her home and recovered all of her expenses plus a tidy profit. A very happy ending to what was once a bad dream.

The Bypassed Land & Lots:
I have received a great deal of personal satisfaction many times over the years when I have purchased some unusual properties. They were the ‘bypassed’ lots, considered difficult to build on, undesirable and nearly impossible to sell even if something could be built there.

I do not recommend these tactics to the inexperienced, so don’t get carried away and take a flyer on a ‘cheap’ lot. Cheap lots nearly always cost more in the final analysis. But armed with the knowledge that these properties offered a one of a kind opportunity for something unique, I could sometimes spot real winners among these unwanted. And I was able to bargain with the owners to boot. Some of them thought they had found a sucker, born just that moment!

Steep Terrain:
This is my strong forte. My first custom home subdivision in the late 50’s was on top of the Ontario Escarpment in Western New York State. The area was solid limestone and looked like a giant terraced amphitheater, with a series of small cliffs descending down the face of a steep incline.

The cliffs were spaced almost uniformly at 250 foot intervals and allowed large lots to be developed with the roads on the flat parts between the cliffs. The building sites of several lots would be partly on the upper side of the cliffs, and partly on the lower portion. As Lake Ontario had receded over many millions of years, it had eroded the limestone into an ideal setting for split site ranch homes!

We refer to this type of building site as a split site, offering two levels of potential for some unusual home designs. My architect was ecstatic. He sketched up several ideas which I put on display in our model home and those lots along with houses sold out quickly. In fact the views were so spectacular from most locations in the subdivision, that we had record breaking sales.

Ravine Construction:
Most people shy away from living in ravines and areas lower than the highways they front on. In most instances I agree that these situations are risky. But I have utilized some of these less desirable locations with houses designed to these sites, making them look like they grew there. In one instance the home was entered across a bridge over delightful sunken garden that was visible from the kitchen and several other parts of the house.

Land Sloping Down And Away From The Road:
This is another one of my favorite conditions. It offers a very unique opportunity for doing something surprising and useful. I use this condition to create a walk-out or daylight basement. The surprise is that from the street, the house appears to be one or two stories high, but actually contains another useful living level that can’t be seen from the street side. Imagine a three story house, one level is actually below grade, and no worry about violating height limitations or restrictive covenants!

Corner Lots With Streets On Three Sides:
This is a very unusual occurrence and I have only been involved with such locations once. I was building in a beautiful community in Central Florida in the early 70’s, and one day the developer asked me to look at the two lots flanking the entrance to Phase I of his prime subdivision. These two lots had been shunned by all prospects the sales force had worked with, and though sales were brisk, no prospect had ever expressed the slightest interest in these very prominent locations.

There were several disadvantages in addition to the streets on three sides. One of them was a major thoroughfare, with a good deal of traffic. The lots were flat and uninteresting, though one had several large pine trees. The other had almost no vegetation. The setbacks on corner lots were very restrictive, creating an unusually small rectangle of land available to accommodate a house. Was there a solution the developer asked?

A win, win situation was in the making for me. Phase II of the development was in progress directly across the busy avenue, with heavy earthmoving equipment in evidence. The were massive piles of dirt everywhere. It gave me a brainstorm.

I would buy both lots, I explained to the developer, and at a reduced price. But there were two other very important conditions that he would have to agree with, before I would make a final commitment. First, he would allow me unlimited fill dirt, (available directly across the road) to be placed by the earthmovers (pans) on both these lots, in whatever manner I wished.

Secondly, he would supply 6’ high basket weave fencing along the property line fronting the busy highway for both lots and supply vine-like plantings along the earth bunker (sound baffle) I was going to create there. The fence (visual screen) was then to be built on top of the bunkers, (also called berms) as I specified. He readily agreed to all my conditions and we struck a deal.

I then contoured the lots to accept two specialty split site houses. One a front to rear split level, and the other, a two story, high level ranch house. Both these styles fit into the hillsides I had specially induced, to make all the newly created rolling terrain look as though it had always been there.

My competitors laughed so hard they couldn’t stand up.

Not only did I beat them to the bank on this one, (both homes sold before completion) but both these unusual presentations induced several additional orders for reproductions on sloping land elsewhere. Everybody told me multi-level houses would never sell in Florida. I later was informed that these were the first multi-story homes built in that part of the state in over forty years!

I had the jump on my competitors, who were mistakenly convinced that multi-level houses were ‘bombs’ in Central Florida. Let me tell you friends, in six months they were all building multi-level houses. And I caught several of them sneaking around my projects with cameras and tape measures to see how it was done. Ho! Ho! Ho!

There is one very important idea that I wish to advance to you in all these tales. The objective in blending house and building site is to utilize the property to the ‘highest and best use’. This is a rule you should always keep foremost in your thoughts, when considering a land purchase for any purpose and what you intend to do with it. How to use it to best advantage!

Drainage And Erosion Control:
This is a vast subject. There are countless conditions we could discuss, that would fill several volumes. Of course you will grade your land so that surface water runs away from your house. An important consideration is what happens to the runoff water once it leaves your property. You can’t just dump it anywhere. The building department and banks will insist on a good drainage plan. You should seek professional help in this area, especially if you have unusual or difficult circumstances to deal with.

Erosion can be a serious problem particularly on steep inclines. Design professionals can assist you in overcoming this potential hazard.
‘Slow the flow’. That’s an easy rule to remember. You can probably figure most of it out yourself. “Water flows down hill. Steep hills makes water run fast. Makes a big mess. Must make water move slowly.”

Control Measures:
Several come to mind. Terracing (steps), trenching, culverts, catch basins, swails, rip rap, storm water diverters, reservoirs, to name a few. Many of these techniques and contrivances can be made to enhance the appearance of your property. In one subdivision where I was building, a 6’ wide drainage (ditch) easement ran along the boundaries of several lots, all of which were being bypassed by our prospects until we lined the sides of the ditch with rocks (rip-rap). They sold out the next weekend. Get knowledgeable people to assist you with this important part of your planning.

Solar Orientation:
When you are standing there for the first time, gazing out at the distant view, the sun giving forth all its radiance, a refreshing breeze caressing your face, and your brain is screaming, “This is it baby!”, you know for sure you have found your dream place. That’s probably the way you want your house to face too, the way that enticed you into buying this land in the first place. Prevailing winds and how the sun rises and sets over your property should be a factor in your planning.

Perimeter Survey:
This is a drawing or a map of the property boundaries. It is a verification of all significant information related to the distances between the corners of your property, and other relevant data.

Topographical Survey:
This survey describes the surface features of a property. It consists of a series of contour lines that indicate changes in elevation, the lines being spaced in particular increments. i.e. each line will indicate a distance of 5’ of incline. This data is frequently included on perimeter surveys, if requested.

In Conclusion:
Site selection and site planning are really not such a hard job after all. Right? Did I mention that I think flat lots are okay too? I have seen a great deal of advertising proclaiming the wonders of level land for building sites. I have built on thousands of them. Everybody doesn’t want to live on a hill.

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More rave reviews for my latest novel in print. It is all about Roatan so if would like some insight into a tragic and terrifying part of our past, then read “IRONSHORE”, the supernatural thriller, based on actual events that occurred on Roatan not too many years ago.

You can review it at : www.1stbooks.com/bookview/9189

and place your order at bkorders@1stbooks.com

I have another novel in print with the same publisher.

“Red Dog Chronicles”
The story about All American Airways, the only airline in aviation history that picked up mail on the fly. There was a documentary about this company on the HISTORY CHANNEL, recently.

www.1stbooks.com/bookview/6521

The trilogy on construction and retirement in a third world paradise is available in e-book format at www.roatanet.com. or directly through me at: elouis@globalnet.hn Essential reading if you ever plan to live/retire in a third world country.

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Many of you have requested photos of my house that is for sale on Roatan. So I had a photographer come out to do some work with a digital camera. The files are to cumbersome and large to be included as part of this e-mail transmission. So if you are interested all you have to do is take the photo tour by clicking on “photo tour” at the end of the description of the house.

Pierre Renaldo Residence

Casa de la Sonrisa
(House of the Smile)

The Jewel of the Cascade Coast (Costa Cascada, Ironshore)

Legal Description

Lot 4, West Rock Subdivision,
Principal Coast Road, Flowers Bay,
Roatan, Bay Islands, Republic de Honduras

Elements of the house and property

A unique home completely renovated by Pierre Renaldo, Mountain Coastal Construction, S.A.

Coastal Living at its best.

Three story wood frame (pressure treated framing lumber throughout) and concrete, single family residence. Three bedrooms. Three and one half baths. Victorian exterior, deluxe island style interior with pressure treated wood paneled walls.

Third (upper living) level consists of:

Large fully equipped kitchen, w/massive island cabinets, real butcher block top, solarium with 190 degree view of Ironshore Coast and on clear days the mountains, including Pico Bonito, on the North Coast of Honduras. Large bright living room, powder room (1/2 bath). All the foregoing have (continuous on all of third level) ceramic tile floors.

Vinyl double hung, tilt-in windows with full screens, that are easily washed from inside. The wonderful cooling sea breezes are constant, ceiling fans do the job on the rare occasions when there is little breeze. A very unique house with coastal charm and comfortable livability. You will think you are on the bridge of a ship.

Over 2000 square feet

Directly on the Caribbean Sea (over 300 feet of ocean frontage) with concrete stairs leading down to the water. On calm days you can snorkel or dive a living reef 10 meters off shore. When the sea is up you will see a spectacle unlike any other coastal area on Roatan, observe the sea geysers dance along the craggy shoreline. Incredible sunrises, and unique reflected light sunsets, breathtaking moonrises, night views of coastal sea action as the iridescent cresting waves captivate you with sight and sound.

The starlit sky will enchant, the soft glow of lights at distant La Ceiba are visible on the southern horizon. There is a walkable natural shelf all along the Ironshore, where you can explore and even collect escargot.

Location! Location! Location!
Only 2-1/2 miles (4 km ) to West End or West Bay Beach, and shopping in Coxen Hole (4 km to the front door of Casa Warren’s) via the coastal road, soon to be paved all the way. Public transportation into town (LPS 10, about 63 cents) is only a short walk (5 minutes) from the house.

The widow’s walk is four and one half stories off the ground for observation, reading, meditating or napping in a hammock. Watch the spectacular sunrises while sipping your first cup of coffee. Always a breeze topside.

You can see the planes landing at the airport from up there, even at night. As aircraft approach, the runway lights intensify.

All shipping passes us daily (well offshore) so we know which coastal boats are in port. The commercial docks are 3 miles away in Coxen Hole so we have none of the noise or hustle and bustle to contend with. The cruise ships are so big you can almost reach out and touch them as they pass, silently. They are a thrilling sight when they make for the west at night.

Second Level:
Has two master-bedroom suites, each with private bath. There is a large central hall, with gas back-up cooking facility, small sun room for dining if desired, laundry room with combination washer/dryer, small covered front porch overlooking the park-like front yard where there exists a grove of seagrape trees that nearly surround the house. There is also a large open rear sun deck facing the wonderful seascapes and mainland views. Honduras pine flooring throughout second level. Master suite #1, has A/C in addition to fan. Master bath has tub/shower. 2nd master suite has bath w/ ceramic tile stall shower.

Ground Level:

Has two large locked storage rooms, equipment/electrical room, guest/maid quarters, with private bath and private entrance, ceramic tile floors with plenty of extra storage. Carport, plus off street parking, protected entrance, motion activated security lights, hose bib for car washing, sitting platform at head of concrete stairs to the sea. There is a large natural spa (seats 4 adults comfortably) in the magma formation close to the concrete stairs that is constantly refreshed by sea water. A wonderful place to enjoy a cool drink on a hot day! We call it our Roman Pool.

Public water from Flowers Bay’s new, sweet-water (salt free) well, plus 10,000 gallon cistern and rainwater collection. Excellent reliable, potable, year ‘round water supply. 200 gallon freshwater backup reservoir, easily accessible at ground level any time, storm or shine. High profile location, with serene, quiet, privacy. See the house, coming in by air or sea.

High recovery electric hot water heater (American made) 105 gallon Fiberglas expansion tank for excellent water pressure to all levels. Jacuzzi jet pump with pressure switch insures constant water pressure on any level even with showers and faucets running at the same time on another level.

PRICED WELL BELOW REPRODUCTION COSTS FOR QUICK SALE

$156,900. U.S. Mostly furnished.

Terms: 25% deposit on signing
Balance at closing. Wire transfer, cash or certified check in U.S. funds drawn on U.S. bank

Exclusive agent of sale:
Pierre Renaldo

Broker Participation Welcome

I am motivated! My wife Gloria is stable, in good health and is now awaiting the much needed kidney transplant. I need to be with her as soon as possible.

Phone: 011 + 504 445 1459
Fax: 011 + 504 445 1417
e-mail: elouis@globalnet.hn

U.S. Address:
RO-610 444 Brickell Ave. Suite #51
Miami, Florida 33131-2492

FOR A PHOTO TOUR OF THE HOUSE & ENVIRONS
Click on: http://www.roatanet.com/pierre/home/

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As of June 1, 2002 the exchange rate on Roatan was
$1 U.S. = 16.3061

Questions or comments?

elouis@globalnet.hn

Ciao
Pierre

By Pierre Renaldo, Mountain Coastal S.A,. General Contractors, Construction Management and Construction Consultants.